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The concept of "policy advisory systems" was introduced by Halligan in 1995 as a way to characterize and analyze the multiple sources of policy advice utilized by governments in policy-making processes. The concept has proved usef...
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The concept of "policy advisory systems" was introduced by Halligan in 1995 as a way to characterize and analyze the multiple sources of policy advice utilized by governments in policy-making processes. The concept has proved useful and has influenced thinking about both the nature of policy work in different advisory venues as well as how these systems change over time. However, to date this work has examined mainly cases of developed countries and its application to developing and transitional countries is less certain. This paper sets out existing models of policy advisory systems based on Halligan's original thinking on the subject and assesses the findings of many existing studies into OECD countries that advisory systems have been changing as a result of the dual effects of increased use of external consultants and others sources of advice - "externalization" - and the increased use of partisan advice inside government itself - "politicization". Determining whether or not such changes have also characterized the situations found in developing and transitional countries and at the international-domestic and state-sub-state levels is the subject of the papers in this Special Issue.
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This short literature review on wine economics introduces the Special Issue on wine of the Italian Economic Journal. Its goal is to provide non wine experts with an overall picture of recent trends of the wine sector and of major ...
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This short literature review on wine economics introduces the Special Issue on wine of the Italian Economic Journal. Its goal is to provide non wine experts with an overall picture of recent trends of the wine sector and of major developments of the economic literature devoted to wine markets. As the wine market deeply changed through the last decades, the first section quickly outlines these changes. The second section revise literature on wine demand while the third section is on supply and the fourth is focused on policies.
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Labor supply theory makes strong predictions about how the introduction or expansion of a social welfare program impacts work effort Although there is a large literature on the work incentive effects of AFDC and the EITC, relative...
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Labor supply theory makes strong predictions about how the introduction or expansion of a social welfare program impacts work effort Although there is a large literature on the work incentive effects of AFDC and the EITC, relatively little is known about the work incentive effects of the Food Stamp Program and none of the existing literature is based on quasi-experimental methods. We use the cross-county introduction of the program in the 1960s and 1970s to estimate the impact of the program on the extensive and intensive margins of labor supply, earnings, and family cash income. Consistent with theory, we find reductions in employment and hours worked when food stamps are introduced. The reductions are concentrated among families headed by single woman.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine how firms respond to adverse supply shocks. Design/methodology/approach – This paper examines a supply shock within the framework of Mankiw's Menu Cost Model. Findings – The ana...
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine how firms respond to adverse supply shocks. Design/methodology/approach – This paper examines a supply shock within the framework of Mankiw's Menu Cost Model. Findings – The analysis in this paper illustrates that the type of adverse shock is important. An immediate increase in the money supply may work well in response to a negative aggregate demand shock, but be counter-productive in response to a negative supply shock. This paper finds that output will decrease when the Federal Reserve increases the money supply in response to an adverse supply shock. Practical implications – The implication is that when the Federal Reserve first spots a negative supply shock (such as an increase in oil prices), it should not immediately respond with an increase in the money supply. Doing so might cause a recession. Originality/value – When there is a negative supply shock, conventional wisdom holds that an increase in money supply can offset the decrease in output that would occur without a policy response. That is, increases in money supply have the exact opposite influence that most economists often suppose.
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A dilemma between economic growth and environmental deterioration has never been recognized so seriously until the environmental problem has been impacting everyone's daily life cogently (e.g., the serious fog and haze in China). ...
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A dilemma between economic growth and environmental deterioration has never been recognized so seriously until the environmental problem has been impacting everyone's daily life cogently (e.g., the serious fog and haze in China). Simultaneously, the rising environment awareness of consumers leads to the close attention to the product's carbon performance reflected in the carbon concerned demand, which provides opportunity to rebuild our business ecosystem. The paper expands the environment view to supply chain operations. A Stackelberg-like model is developed to game-theoretically analyze the decentralized decisions of the manufacturer and retailer. Low-carbon effort is brought into decision by both sides. The centralized decision-making is also investigated as a benchmark to evaluate the supply chain performance. Additionally,we propose a carbon-related price-discount sharing-like scheme to achieve the channel coordination and discuss the possibility of Pareto improvement. Several interesting managerial insights on low-carbon factors are concluded.
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Turkey is the world's leading producer accounting for about 70% of world hazelnut supply. Hazelnut production is the single most important economic activity (monoculture) and income resource of rural households in the Black Sea Re...
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Turkey is the world's leading producer accounting for about 70% of world hazelnut supply. Hazelnut production is the single most important economic activity (monoculture) and income resource of rural households in the Black Sea Region. Hazelnut sectoris supporting since 1962. However, due to inappropriate policies a stock problem has arisen in the sector. The Government has intervened to over production problem with various regulatory measures since 1989. However, results of supply response model showed that legal regulations have not any significant effect on reducing over production. Annual rate of increase of hazelnut production was calculated as 4.48%. And long term supply elasticity was found as 0.09 by Nerlove Model. The inelastic supply restricts the interventions on market by support price mechanism. However, high support prices and purchase guarantee keep farmers in hazelnut farming and encourage them to expand their production area. Monoculture is the most destructive factor which reduces all supply management initiatives. Government is both trying to keep farmers income at a certain level by high support prices, and also trying to apply supply control measures. This situation leads an intervention dilemma and creates a vicious cycle inhazelnut sector. Due to importance of Turkey in World hazelnut trade, it is necessary to solve over production problem in order to stabilize domestic and world prices. This research showed that the most effective way to supply control is to differentiate hazelnut farmer's income sources in order to encourage them to reduce their production area.
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We consider the production/inventory problem of a manufacturer (or a retailer) under non-stationary and stochastic supply availability. Although supply availability is uncertain, the supplier would be able to predict her near futu...
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We consider the production/inventory problem of a manufacturer (or a retailer) under non-stationary and stochastic supply availability. Although supply availability is uncertain, the supplier would be able to predict her near future shortages - and hence supply disruption to (some of) her customers - based on factors such as her pipeline stock information, production schedule, seasonality, contractual obligations, and noncontractual preferences regarding other manufacturers. We consider the case where the information on the availability of supply for the near future, which we refer to as advance supply information (ASI), is provided by the supplier. The customer demand is deterministic but non-stationary over time, and the system costs consist of fixed ordering, holding and backorder costs. We consider an all-or-nothing type of supply availability structure and we show the optimality of a state-dependent {s,S) policy. For the case with no fixed ordering cost we prove various properties of the optimal order-up-to levels and provide a simple characterization of optimal order-up-to levels. For the model with fixed ordering cost, we propose a heuristic algorithm for finding a good ordering strategy. Finally, we numerically elaborate on the value of ASI and provide managerial insights.
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In this paper, we are concerned with the coordinating quantity decision problem in a supply chain contract. The supply chain contract is composed of one manufacturer and one retailer to meet the random demand of a single product w...
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In this paper, we are concerned with the coordinating quantity decision problem in a supply chain contract. The supply chain contract is composed of one manufacturer and one retailer to meet the random demand of a single product with a short lifecycle. Our analysis show that the retailer expects to obtain higher profit under proper ordering policies, which can also maximize the expected profit of the supply chain. The manufacturer may induce the retailer to order the coordinated quantity by adjusting the unit return price. As a result, the supply chain is expected to achieve the optimal expected profit.
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Purpose - Higher level of customer satisfaction for halal products can be achieved by the effective adoption of halal certification through assessment and accreditation (HCAA). There are certain issues that seem detrimental toward...
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Purpose - Higher level of customer satisfaction for halal products can be achieved by the effective adoption of halal certification through assessment and accreditation (HCAA). There are certain issues that seem detrimental towards the adoption of HCAA. The purpose of this paper is to identify the major barriers towards the adoption of HCAA and evaluate inter-relationships among them for developing the strategies to mitigate these barriers. Design/methodology/approach - The barriers towards the adoption of HCAA are identified through an integrative approach of literature review and expert's opinion. The inter-relationship among the identified barriers is evaluated using fuzzy-based decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (fuzzy DEMATEL) technique, which categorises them into influential and influenced group. Findings - The evaluation of inter-relationship among barriers using fuzzy DEMATEL indicates four influencing barriers and six influenced barriers towards the adoption of HCAA. Further, findings suggest an extensive government, and management support is vital in terms of commitment, resources and actions to realise the benefits attributed with HCAA. Research limitations/implications - The inter-relationship among barriers is contextual and based on the perception of experts which may be biased as per their background and area of expertise. This study pertains to a specific region and can be extended to the generalised certification system. Originality/value - The empirical base of the research provides the inter-relationship among the barriers towards the adoption of HCAA which can be effectively used as input in the decision-making process by producers, manufacturers and distributor. The policy maker can analyse the cause group and effect group of barriers to formulate policies that would help in the adoption of HCAA.
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Canadian dairy farmers purchase a marketing quota through the Provincial Marketing Boards to sell milk in Canada. That quota captures rents created by regulations and is subject to policy risk. We define policy risk as the farmers...
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Canadian dairy farmers purchase a marketing quota through the Provincial Marketing Boards to sell milk in Canada. That quota captures rents created by regulations and is subject to policy risk. We define policy risk as the farmers' expectation that quota rents will decline or disappear over time. We calculate the effect of perceived policy risk to determine whether the Uruguay Round Agreement affected the amount of protection given to farmers. Calculated policy risk ranged from 14-29%. Policy risk increased in the years leading up to the Uruguay Round Agreement, but decreased after the WTO was established and remains at a historic low.
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